Kaidu _verified_ -

: Concentrated between June and September, often leading to summer flood seasons.

: It begins in the high-altitude alpine regions of the Tianshan Mountains. : Concentrated between June and September, often leading

Would you like to know more about Kaidu or the Golden Horde? above the critical Dashankou Hydrological Station

above the critical Dashankou Hydrological Station. Its journey is a dramatic transition through diverse landscapes: The war for a single, nomadic empire was over

In 1303, two years after Kaidu’s death, his former allies signed a peace treaty with the Yuan. The Mongol Empire was formally recognized as four separate khanates—the Yuan, the Chagatai, the Golden Horde, and the Ilkhanate—each going its own way. The war for a single, nomadic empire was over. Kaidu, the prince of nothing but the open sky, had lost—but his hoofbeats echoed in the steppe wind for centuries.

The decisive clash came in 1301 near the (the “Iron Pass”). Kaidu, with Duwa, fielded perhaps 120,000 horse archers—the largest nomadic army since Genghis. The Yuan army, under Temür’s cousin Qaishan , numbered 100,000, including Chinese artillery and Korean heavy infantry.

Consequently, Kaidu presented himself as the guardian of the true Mongol way. He kept his court nomadic, moving between the valleys of the Tarbagatai Mountains. He distributed spoils of war directly to his warriors, not to tax collectors. And he fiercely resisted any attempt to build cities or permanent garrisons in his domains.