The characters constantly invoke the mountains (Apus). The text is steeped in a worldview where nature is alive. When Ollantay rebels, he feels he is fighting against the very fabric of the universe.

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Throughout the play, Calderón de la Barca explores themes of love, power, rebellion, and spirituality. The character of Ollantay represents the struggle for freedom and self-determination, while Cusi symbolizes the power of love and loyalty. The play also touches on the clash between the Inca and Spanish cultures, reflecting the complex historical context in which it was written.