Some motherboard or hardware vendors summarize key features (16 GT/s speed, 64 GB/s throughput for x16), but for the full technical standard, use PCI-SIG directly.
The primary leap in the 4.0 generation is the increase in raw throughput and data transfer rates: PCI Express Base Specification Revision 4.0, Version 1.0
While the physical layer saw massive changes, the protocol stack remained largely consistent to ensure backward compatibility.